We present an overview on a recently developed
technique for performing antenna gain measurements with gain
extrapolation that uses significantly fewer data points and at
shorter distances than traditional gain extrapolation. This enhanced
technique purposely incorporates third-order mutual
coupling between antennas, which can be thought of as a useful
homodyne signal, rather than an unwanted degradation of the
antenna-to-antenna coupling signal as has been the historically
accepted viewpoint. From Wacker’s fundamental extrapolation
equations, we give the development of the third-order signal
which underpins this technique. From the third-order signal the
framing of gain extrapolation can be approached as a measure
of interference fringes, as opposed to a by-rote curve fitting
problem, and thus provides ways of specifying the number
of required data points and measurement distances so as to
reduce both significantly from the traditional gain extrapolation
approach. The truncation order of the full signal expansion,
as it relates to the conditioning of the problem, is presented
in light of the behavior of the design matrix that defines the
gain extrapolation scenario and the orders of scattering, thus
leading to fewer required samples. Along with considerations of
the matrix conditioning, guidelines are presented from the thirdorder
signal and interference fringes for sampling criteria and
sampling accuracy criteria. These aid in choices of measurement
system accuracy and precision requirements based on known
values of the operating frequency, wavelength, and antenna
dimensions. Bounds for gain uncertainty based on these sampling
criteria are also given. Results comparing NIST reference antenna
measurements made with the traditional gain extrapolation
and enhanced gain extrapolation technique are presented. It is
shown that the enhanced technique can produce gain values in
agreement and within uncertainties of the traditional technique
for the reference antennas.
About this Dataset
| Title | Enhanced Gain Extrapolation |
|---|---|
| Description | We present an overview on a recently developed technique for performing antenna gain measurements with gain extrapolation that uses significantly fewer data points and at shorter distances than traditional gain extrapolation. This enhanced technique purposely incorporates third-order mutual coupling between antennas, which can be thought of as a useful homodyne signal, rather than an unwanted degradation of the antenna-to-antenna coupling signal as has been the historically accepted viewpoint. From Wacker’s fundamental extrapolation equations, we give the development of the third-order signal which underpins this technique. From the third-order signal the framing of gain extrapolation can be approached as a measure of interference fringes, as opposed to a by-rote curve fitting problem, and thus provides ways of specifying the number of required data points and measurement distances so as to reduce both significantly from the traditional gain extrapolation approach. The truncation order of the full signal expansion, as it relates to the conditioning of the problem, is presented in light of the behavior of the design matrix that defines the gain extrapolation scenario and the orders of scattering, thus leading to fewer required samples. Along with considerations of the matrix conditioning, guidelines are presented from the thirdorder signal and interference fringes for sampling criteria and sampling accuracy criteria. These aid in choices of measurement system accuracy and precision requirements based on known values of the operating frequency, wavelength, and antenna dimensions. Bounds for gain uncertainty based on these sampling criteria are also given. Results comparing NIST reference antenna measurements made with the traditional gain extrapolation and enhanced gain extrapolation technique are presented. It is shown that the enhanced technique can produce gain values in agreement and within uncertainties of the traditional technique for the reference antennas. |
| Modified | 2025-04-23 00:00:00 |
| Publisher Name | National Institute of Standards and Technology |
| Contact | mailto:[email protected] |
| Keywords | antenna measurements , gain extrapolation , gain measurements , sparse measurements , antenna gain , gain |
{
"identifier": "ark:\/88434\/mds2-3813",
"accessLevel": "public",
"contactPoint": {
"hasEmail": "mailto:[email protected]",
"fn": "Josh Gordon"
},
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"landingPage": "https:\/\/data.nist.gov\/od\/id\/mds2-3813",
"title": "Enhanced Gain Extrapolation",
"description": "We present an overview on a recently developed\ntechnique for performing antenna gain measurements with gain\nextrapolation that uses significantly fewer data points and at\nshorter distances than traditional gain extrapolation. This enhanced\ntechnique purposely incorporates third-order mutual\ncoupling between antennas, which can be thought of as a useful\nhomodyne signal, rather than an unwanted degradation of the\nantenna-to-antenna coupling signal as has been the historically\naccepted viewpoint. From Wacker\u2019s fundamental extrapolation\nequations, we give the development of the third-order signal\nwhich underpins this technique. From the third-order signal the\nframing of gain extrapolation can be approached as a measure\nof interference fringes, as opposed to a by-rote curve fitting\nproblem, and thus provides ways of specifying the number\nof required data points and measurement distances so as to\nreduce both significantly from the traditional gain extrapolation\napproach. The truncation order of the full signal expansion,\nas it relates to the conditioning of the problem, is presented\nin light of the behavior of the design matrix that defines the\ngain extrapolation scenario and the orders of scattering, thus\nleading to fewer required samples. Along with considerations of\nthe matrix conditioning, guidelines are presented from the thirdorder\nsignal and interference fringes for sampling criteria and\nsampling accuracy criteria. These aid in choices of measurement\nsystem accuracy and precision requirements based on known\nvalues of the operating frequency, wavelength, and antenna\ndimensions. Bounds for gain uncertainty based on these sampling\ncriteria are also given. Results comparing NIST reference antenna\nmeasurements made with the traditional gain extrapolation\nand enhanced gain extrapolation technique are presented. It is\nshown that the enhanced technique can produce gain values in\nagreement and within uncertainties of the traditional technique\nfor the reference antennas.",
"language": [
"en"
],
"distribution": [
{
"downloadURL": "https:\/\/data.nist.gov\/od\/ds\/mds2-3813\/Ku-Band-Gain%20Comparison%20Table-I.csv",
"description": "Ku-Band antenna gain comparison data set for Table 1",
"mediaType": "text\/csv",
"title": "Ku-Band antenna gain comparison"
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{
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"mediaType": "text\/csv",
"title": "Singular values"
},
{
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"title": "Uncertainty Table 2 data."
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"modified": "2025-04-23 00:00:00",
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"theme": [
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]
}
