{
    "identifier": "hi_otp_all_invasive_algae",
    "accessLevel": "public",
    "contactPoint": {
        "@type": "vcard:Contact",
        "fn": "Your contact point",
        "hasEmail": "mailto:[email protected]"
    },
    "programCode": [
        "010:000"
    ],
    "landingPage": "",
    "title": "Observed Presence of Alien and Invasive Algae, 2000-2013 - Hawaii",
    "description": "Due to the geographic isolation of the Hawaiian Islands, close to 25% of Hawaii's reef fishes and red algae species are endemic. This leaves Hawaiian coral reefs particularly vulnerable to alien invasions due to their valuable role as a biodiversity resource. Invasive algae can pose a serious threat to coral reefs by spreading and growing rapidly, smothering or outcompeting corals and other organisms. This can significantly alter the structure and function of the reef ecosystem. Four species of alien red algae have become invasive in Hawaii: prickly seaweed (Acanthophora spicifera), hookweed (Hypnea musciformis), smothering seaweed (Kappaphycus spp.), and gorilla ogo (Gracilaria salicornia). This raster data layer represents the presence of alien and invasive algal species within 1 km of an observation. Invasive algae data originated from monitoring surveys in the University of Hawaii at Manoa (UH) Fisheries Ecology Research Laboratory (FERL) Hawaii Fish and Benthic Biological Synthesis Database (2000-2013), which is synthesized from NOAA, State of Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources (DAR), Coral Reef Assessment and Monitoring Program (CRAMP), and The Nature Conservancy (TNC), as well as invasive algae surveys conducted across the state in 2002 by Dr. Jennifer Smith (Smith et al., 2002).\n\nThese data should be considered presence only. Areas with no presence may be due to lack of survey data, surveys that did not identify algae to the species level, or observed absence. Point data for transects with observed presence of any invasive algae were assigned a value of 1 and converted to raster with 500-m pixel size. To account for uncertainty in geographic position and the fragmentation and spread of algae, the Ocean Tipping Points (OTP) project estimated presence within a 1-km radius of observed invasive algae presence. A Focal Statistics tool was run to calculate the maximum value within a 1-km radius of each pixel with the assumption that if an invasive algae was observed in one location it is likely present in at least the surrounding 1 km of reef area. Final raster values of 1 represent areas within 1 km of positive invasive algae observations while values of 0 represent the remaining area. The geographic extent of the data layer is from the shoreline of the Main Hawaiian Islands extending 5 km offshore and 1 km inshore.",
    "language": "",
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    ],
    "bureauCode": [
        "010:04"
    ],
    "modified": "2025-04-18T03:19:33.002Z",
    "publisher": {
        "@type": "org:Organization",
        "name": "Your Publisher"
    },
    "theme": "",
    "keyword": [
        "Earth Science > Biological Classification > Plants > Macroalgae (Seaweeds) > Red Algae",
        "Earth Science > Biosphere > Aquatic Ecosystems > Reef Habitat",
        "Earth Science > Biosphere > Ecological Dynamics > Community Dynamics > Invasive Species",
        "Earth Science > Biosphere > Ecosystems > Marine Ecosystems > Reef > Coral Reef",
        "Earth Science > Human Dimensions > Environmental Impacts",
        "Earth Science > Human Dimensions > Human Settlements > Coastal Areas",
        "Earth Science > Human Dimensions > Sustainability > Environmental Sustainability",
        "Earth Science > Oceans > Coastal Processes > Coral Reefs",
        "Continent > North America > United States Of America > Hawaii",
        "Ocean > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands",
        "PacIOOS > Pacific Islands Ocean Observing System",
        "PacIOOS > Pacific Islands Ocean Observing System",
        "biota",
        "environment",
        "oceans"
    ]
}