{
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        "fn": "Your contact point",
        "hasEmail": "mailto:[email protected]"
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    "programCode": [
        "010:000"
    ],
    "landingPage": "",
    "title": "Reefs for the future: Resilience of coral reefs in the main Hawaiian Islands",
    "description": "Declining health of coral reef ecosystems led scientists to search for factors that support reef resilience: the ability of reefs to resist and recover from environmental disturbance. Scientists recently identified 11 measurable factors that affect the resilience of coral reefs (McClanahan et al., 2012). Reef resilience factors include characteristics of the coral assemblage, populations of fish that live on the reef, land use practices, and water temperature variability. These factors were used by NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (PIFSC) Coral Reef Ecosystem Program (CREP) to conduct a quantitative assessment of the resilience potential of reefs across the main Hawaiian Islands (MHI). \n\nLocations of Rapid Ecological Assessment (REA) surveys conducted by NOAA Coral Reef Ecosystem Program (CREP) from 2010 to 2013 were used to designate study units called \"georegions\". Watersheds upstream of georegions were then grouped to delineate the area that could affect adjacent reefs through pollution, runoff, and sedimentation. REA surveys provided data to evaluate biological\/ecological resilience factors, and external data sources were used to inform physical and environmental factors not directly measured by CREP. Five of the resilience factors can be directly influenced by local management. Data for each factor was compiled, normalized, and averaged to produce a composite resilience score for each georegion.\n\nIn all, twenty-nine study areas were analyzed across the MHI. Lowest composite resilience scores were earned by reefs near densely populated areas on O`ahu, while highest scores were earned near relatively sparsely populated areas of other islands. The reef resilience framework data package described herein comprises the original data sources used in this analysis, the intermediary and final data resulting from the analysis, the process documentation, and the 2-page PIFSC Special Publication published in 2014 (SP-15-001).\n\nData can be accessed via the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) Ocean Archive, accession #0128219.",
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    "bureauCode": [
        "010:04"
    ],
    "modified": "2025-04-04T14:13:49.825Z",
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        "name": "Your Publisher"
    },
    "theme": "",
    "keyword": [
        "810",
        "Reefs for the future: Identifying coral reef resilience in the US Pacific islands based on CRED coral reef monitoring data",
        "Geographic Information > Ecological Characterization",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Atmosphere > Precipitation > Precipitation Amount",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Vegetation > Algae > Algal Cover",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Vegetation > Algae > Fleshy Macroalgae",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Coral Diseases",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Coral Diseases > Black Band Disease",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Coral biodiversity",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Photic Zone Corals",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Damage Assessment > Human physical",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Reef Fish Census >  Stationary",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Phenomena > Global Change",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Phenomena > Global Warming",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Aquatic Habitat > Benthic Habitat",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Aquatic Habitat > Reef Habitat",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Aquatic Habitat > Reef Habitat > Recovery",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Ecological Dynamics > Herbivory",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Microbiota > Bacteria",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Microbiota > Blue-green Algae",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Vegetation > Algae",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Vegetation > Algae > Algae Cover",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Coral Diseases > Bleaching",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Coral Diseases > Bleaching > Degree Heating Week (DHW)",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Coral Diseases > Bleaching > Sea Surface  Temperature (SST)",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Benthos Analysis",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Benthos Analysis >  Quadrat Monitoring",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Benthos Analysis >  Quadrat Monitoring > Photograph Analysis",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Benthos Analysis >  Transect Monitoring > Belt Transect",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Benthos Analysis >  Transect Monitoring > Linear Transect (line)",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Benthos Analysis >  Transect monitoring",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > In Situ Biological",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Photographic  Analysis",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Rapid Assessment  Studies",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Reef Fish Census",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Remote Sensing",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Remote Sensing >  Satellite (digital scans)",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Quadrat Monitoring > Photograph Analysis",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Hydrosphere > Surface Water > Runoff",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Coastal Processes > Coral Reefs",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Coastal Processes > Coral Reefs > Marine Protected Areas",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Marine Biology > Fish > Fish Assemblages",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Marine Biology > Fish > Fish Census",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Marine Biology > Fish > Fishing",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Sea Surface Temperature",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Water Temperature",
        "EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Water Temperature > Anomaly",
        "Coral Reef Conservation Program (CRCP)",
        "Pacific Reef and Assessment Monitoring Program (Pacific RAMP)",
        "North Pacific Ocean",
        "US DOC; NOAA; NMFS; Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center; Coral Reef Ecosystem Division",
        "COUNTRY\/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Hawaii > Hawaii (21N160W0000)",
        "COUNTRY\/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Hawaii > Hawaii Island (19N155W0003)",
        "COUNTRY\/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Hawaii > Kauai Island (22N159W0001)",
        "COUNTRY\/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Hawaii > Molokai Island (21N157W0001)",
        "COUNTRY\/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Honolulu > Oahu (21N157W0003)",
        "COUNTRY\/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Kauai > Niihau Island (21N160W0001)",
        "COUNTRY\/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Maui > Lanai Island (20N156W0002)",
        "COUNTRY\/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Maui > Maui Island (20N156W0004)",
        "COUNTRY\/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaiian Islands (21N157W0027)",
        "OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands (21N157W0027)",
        "OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands > Hawaii > Hawaii (21N160W0000)",
        "OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands > Hawaii Island > Hawaii Island (19N155W0003)",
        "OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands > Kauai Island > Kauai Island (22N159W0001)",
        "OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands > Lanai Island > Lanai Island (20N156W0002)",
        "OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands > Maui Island > Maui Island (20N156W0004)",
        "OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands > Molokai Island > Molokai Island (21N157W0001)",
        "OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands > Niihau Island > Niihau Island (21N160W0001)",
        "OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands > Oahu Island > Oahu (21N157W0003)",
        "CRED",
        "CREP",
        "Coral Reef Ecosystem Division",
        "Coral Reef Ecosystem Program",
        "PIFSC",
        "Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center",
        "DOC\/NOAA\/NMFS\/PIFSC > Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce",
        "Ecosystem Monitoring and Assessment",
        "biota",
        "oceans"
    ]
}