Data provided by National Institute of Standards and Technology
On-resonance Rydberg atom-based radio-frequency (RF) electric field sensing methods remain limited by the narrow frequency signal detection bands available by resonant transitions. The use ofan additional RF tuner field to dress or shift a target Rydberg state can be used to return a detuned signal field to resonance and thus dramatically extend the frequency range available for resonantsensing. Here we compare three distinct tuning schemes based on adjacent Rydberg transitions, which are shown to have distinct tuning characteristics and can be tuned with mechanisms based onthe tuning field frequency or field strength. We further show that a two-photon Raman feature can be used as an effective tuning mechanism separate from conventional Autler-Townes splitting. Wecompare our tuning schemes to AC Stark effect-based broadband RF field sensing and show that although the sensitivity is diminished as we tune away from a resonant state, it nevertheless can beused in configurations where there is a low density of Rydberg states, which would result in a weak AC Stark effect.
About this Dataset
Updated: 2024-02-22
Metadata Last Updated:
2022-06-09 00:00:00
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Rydberg atoms
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| Title | Rydberg state engineering: A comparison of tuning schemes for continuous frequency sensing |
|---|---|
| Description | On-resonance Rydberg atom-based radio-frequency (RF) electric field sensing methods remain limited by the narrow frequency signal detection bands available by resonant transitions. The use ofan additional RF tuner field to dress or shift a target Rydberg state can be used to return a detuned signal field to resonance and thus dramatically extend the frequency range available for resonantsensing. Here we compare three distinct tuning schemes based on adjacent Rydberg transitions, which are shown to have distinct tuning characteristics and can be tuned with mechanisms based onthe tuning field frequency or field strength. We further show that a two-photon Raman feature can be used as an effective tuning mechanism separate from conventional Autler-Townes splitting. Wecompare our tuning schemes to AC Stark effect-based broadband RF field sensing and show that although the sensitivity is diminished as we tune away from a resonant state, it nevertheless can beused in configurations where there is a low density of Rydberg states, which would result in a weak AC Stark effect. |
| Modified | 2022-06-09 00:00:00 |
| Publisher Name | National Institute of Standards and Technology |
| Contact | mailto:[email protected] |
| Keywords | Rydberg atoms , atomic physics , receivers , fields strength , electric field , volts/meter |
{
"identifier": "ark:\/88434\/mds2-2669",
"accessLevel": "public",
"contactPoint": {
"hasEmail": "mailto:[email protected]",
"fn": "Matt Simons"
},
"programCode": [
"006:045"
],
"@type": "dcat:Dataset",
"landingPage": "https:\/\/data.nist.gov\/od\/id\/mds2-2669",
"description": "On-resonance Rydberg atom-based radio-frequency (RF) electric field sensing methods remain limited by the narrow frequency signal detection bands available by resonant transitions. The use ofan additional RF tuner field to dress or shift a target Rydberg state can be used to return a detuned signal field to resonance and thus dramatically extend the frequency range available for resonantsensing. Here we compare three distinct tuning schemes based on adjacent Rydberg transitions, which are shown to have distinct tuning characteristics and can be tuned with mechanisms based onthe tuning field frequency or field strength. We further show that a two-photon Raman feature can be used as an effective tuning mechanism separate from conventional Autler-Townes splitting. Wecompare our tuning schemes to AC Stark effect-based broadband RF field sensing and show that although the sensitivity is diminished as we tune away from a resonant state, it nevertheless can beused in configurations where there is a low density of Rydberg states, which would result in a weak AC Stark effect.",
"language": [
"en"
],
"title": "Rydberg state engineering: A comparison of tuning schemes for continuous frequency sensing",
"distribution": [
{
"downloadURL": "https:\/\/data.nist.gov\/od\/ds\/mds2-2669\/fig3d_f.zip",
"format": "zip file containing .dat files with single columns of values",
"description": "Figure 3 (d) and (f) - A set of false-color plots of sweeps of ?t and ?sig showing the experimental EIT (d) and the experimental mixer data (f) as a function of increasing tuner field strength. The data in panels d and f is also obtained by sweeping the signal RF output frequency. The file names contain the tuner signal generator power used to determine the rabi rate for each figure element (NOTE: there is a naming error, the first number is the power in dBm, not MHz frequency, while the second number is in MHz, not dBm) and the tuner detuning frequency. Each file corresponds to a horizontal cut of the false color plots. The x-axis of the raw traces is in ?pixels? that are linearly distributed in frequency space. This axis needs to be set\/generated for the false color plots using the trigger traces (one per set of measurements is sufficient). The trigger traces have a sawtooth characteristic, where each sawtooth represents one frequency sweep across the set range noted in the readme for each figure. The trigger traces are used to identify and crop the figure to this swept range. The x-axis vector is then generated by linearly interpolating between the beginning and end frequency.",
"mediaType": "application\/x-zip-compressed",
"title": "Figures 3 d and f"
},
{
"downloadURL": "https:\/\/data.nist.gov\/od\/ds\/mds2-2669\/fig1d.zip",
"format": "zip file containing .dat files with single columns of values",
"description": "Y axis is LO frequencies in the trace filenames.X-axis is constructed from the ref_cell traces in the data for Figure 1 f. Color scale is the values in the trace files.Plot of the shift of the 56D EIT peak due to the AC Stark shift induced by the LO field of varying frequency. Contains experimental EIT traces for the LO frequency (y-axis) indicated in the filename. Each of these files corresponds to the LO frequencies indicated. The data in the files are in volts on the oscilloscope. The x-axis is the same as the x-axis generated for Figure 1(f), using the ?ref_cell? traces in that dataset. The 'beatsig' traces are data from a lock-in amplifier [not shown].",
"mediaType": "application\/x-zip-compressed",
"title": "Figure 1 d"
},
{
"downloadURL": "https:\/\/data.nist.gov\/od\/ds\/mds2-2669\/fig1e.zip",
"format": "zip file containing .dat files with single columns of values",
"description": "Y-axis is the electric field determined by the separation of the two peaks in each trace data file, in V\/m.X-axis in the coupling laser detuning in MHz, determined by the separation of the two peaks in the ref_cell data files, which is equal to -396 MHz.The color scale is the values in trace data files, averaged across the columns, normalized to the maximum value of the whole data set.Plot of AT splitting of the 56D EIT peak with an RF field applied to the 56D-53F tuning transition at 24.7 GHz. This data is also used to calculate the field strength corresponding to a given signal generator power, which in turn is used to determine the Rabi rates indicated on y-axes throughout the manuscript. The x-axis of the raw traces is in ?pixels? that are linearly distributed in frequency space. This axis needs to be set\/generated for the false color plots using the ref_cell traces (one per set of measurements is sufficient). These ref_cell traces show two distinct spectral peaks: one large one and smaller one to the left. The large one is the main EIT peak of interest and the smaller left one is the fine structure peak located at -396 MHz (when coupled to 56D). Finding the difference between these peaks in the number of oscilloscope ?pixels? can then be used to convert between pixels and frequency to generate the x-axis",
"mediaType": "application\/x-zip-compressed",
"title": "Figure 1 e"
},
{
"downloadURL": "https:\/\/data.nist.gov\/od\/ds\/mds2-2669\/fig2c.zip",
"format": "zip file containing .mat file for MATLAB",
"description": "Each panel is a different value of DeltaS (matlab variable array) in Hz. X-axis is DeltaC (matlab variable array) in Hz. Y-axis is OmegaT (matlab variable array) in Hz. The color scale is the transmittanceD (matlab variable array) in units relative to the maximum value of the whole set.Plots of the modeled EIT showing the location of the tuning peaks obtained EIT as a function of the tuner Rabi frequency and the coupler laser detuning, for different values of signal frequency detuning. The data for panel c is modeled EIT data. The data is a matlab structure array with each field labeled as follows: transmittanceD is the transmittance through the cell field with the corresponding values of the signal and tuner Rabi rates given by OmegaT and OmegaS and the detunings of the frequencies by DeltaT and DeltaS.",
"mediaType": "application\/x-zip-compressed",
"title": "Figure 2 c"
},
{
"downloadURL": "https:\/\/data.nist.gov\/od\/ds\/mds2-2669\/fig4c.zip",
"format": "zip file containing .mat file for MATLAB",
"description": "Each panel is a different value of DeltaS (matlab variable array) in Hz. X-axis is DeltaC (matlab variable array) in Hz. Y-axis is OmegaT (matlab variable array) in Hz. Color scale is the transmittanceD (matlab variable array) in units relative to the maximum value of the whole set.False color plots of power tuning using the inverted scheme with the modeled results for the experiment in Figure 4(b). The model data has the identical structure to figure 2c.",
"mediaType": "application\/x-zip-compressed",
"title": "Figure 4 c"
},
{
"downloadURL": "https:\/\/data.nist.gov\/od\/ds\/mds2-2669\/fig3e.zip",
"format": "zip file containing .mat file for MATLAB",
"description": "Each panel is a different value of OmegaT (matlab variable array) in Hz. X-axis is DeltaS (matlab variable array) in Hz. Y-axis is DeltaT (matlab variable array) in Hz. Color scale is the transmittanceD (matlab variable array) in units relative to the maximum value of the whole set.A set of false-color plots of sweeps of ?t and ?sig showing the modeled EIT as a function of increasing tuner field strength. Panel e data is model EIT output with the same format as figure 2c.",
"mediaType": "application\/x-zip-compressed",
"title": "Figure 3 e"
},
{
"downloadURL": "https:\/\/data.nist.gov\/od\/ds\/mds2-2669\/fig5b.zip",
"format": "zip file containing .mat file for MATLAB",
"description": "Each panel is a different value of OmegaT (matlab variable array) in Hz. X-axis is DeltaS (matlab variable array) in Hz.Y-axis is DeltaT(matlab variable array) in Hz. Color scale is the transmittanceD (matlab variable array) in units relative to the maximum value of the whole set.Figure 5(b) - False color plots of the modeled EIT with frequency tuning using an inverted sequence. The data format of panel b is identical to figure 3e.",
"mediaType": "application\/x-zip-compressed",
"title": "Figure 5 b"
},
{
"downloadURL": "https:\/\/data.nist.gov\/od\/ds\/mds2-2669\/fig4b_d.zip",
"format": "zip file containing .dat files with single columns of values",
"description": "Each panel is a different value of the RF Signal Detuning in MHz in the filenames of the trace (b) and beatsig (d) files. X-axis is the coupling laser detuning in MHz, calibrated using the ref_cell traces, as described below. Y-axis is the Rabi frequency of the tuning field, determined from the Signal Generator Powers in dBm in the filenames and figure 1(e). False color plots of power tuning using the inverted scheme with the experimental raw EIT signal (b) and the modeled EIT signal (d), showing features due to the 56D-54F transition and the 57D-55F transition The data for panels b and d has an identical data structure to figure 2b\/d. The x-axis of the raw traces is in ?pixels? that are linearly distributed in frequency space. This axis needs to be set\/generated for the false color plots using the ref_cell traces (one per set of measurements is sufficient). These ref_cell traces show two distinct spectral peaks: one large one and smaller one to the left. The large one is the main EIT peak of interest and the smaller left one is the fine structure peak located at -374 MHz (57D). Finding the difference between these peaks in the number of oscilloscope ?pixels? can then be used to convert between pixels and frequency to generate the x-axis.",
"mediaType": "application\/x-zip-compressed",
"title": "Figure 4 b and d"
},
{
"downloadURL": "https:\/\/data.nist.gov\/od\/ds\/mds2-2669\/fig5a_c.zip",
"format": "zip file containing .dat files with single columns of values",
"description": "Each panel is data from the files with the corresponding Tuning Field Rabi Frequency in MHz in the filenames of the trace (a) and beatsig (c) files. The Rabi frequency is determined by the number in front of the MHz in the filename (which is the signal generator power in dBm) and combining with figure 1(e). X-axis is the RF Signal Detuning in MHz, which is a linearly spaced array with the number of points as in the files, from -800 to +800 MHz.Y-axis is the Tuning Field detuning in MHz as found in the filenames in front of the dBm.Colorscale is the values in the trace (a) and beatsig (c) files. False color plots of frequency tuning using an inverted sequence with the experimental EIT (a) and mixer signal (c). The data format of panels a and c is identical to figure 3d\/f. This includes the naming typo that mixes up the MHz and dBm labels. The x-axis of the raw traces is in ?pixels? that are linearly distributed in frequency space. This axis needs to be set\/generated for the false color plots using the trigger traces (one per set of measurements is sufficient). The trigger traces have a sawtooth characteristic, where each sawtooth represents one frequency sweep across the set range noted in the readme for each figure. The trigger traces are used to identify and crop the figure to this swept range. The x-axis vector is then generated by linearly interpolating between the beginning and end frequency.",
"mediaType": "application\/x-zip-compressed",
"title": "Figures 5 a and c"
},
{
"downloadURL": "https:\/\/data.nist.gov\/od\/ds\/mds2-2669\/figs2b_d.zip",
"format": "zip file containing .dat files with single columns of values",
"description": "Each panel is data from the files with the corresponding Frequency in MHz in the filename.Y-axis is the Rabi Frequency in MHz determined using the Power in dBm in the filenames and the data in figure 1(e). X-axis is the coupling laser detuning determined from the ref_cell data files. Color scale is the values in the datafiles (trace for fig b, beatsig for fig d), averaged across columns and relative to the maximum value.False color plots of the experimental EIT and Rydberg mixer as a function of the tuner Rabi frequency and the coupler laser detuning, with different values of signal frequency detuning for each plot indicated. The data for panels b and d with the scope traces of ?trace? and ?beatsig?. The filenames give the anritsu output power, which is converted into Rabi rates using the experimental Autler-Townes splitting of figure 1(e). The filenames also give the signal detuning by which the figure panels are organized.",
"mediaType": "application\/x-zip-compressed",
"title": "Figures 2 b and d"
},
{
"downloadURL": "https:\/\/data.nist.gov\/od\/ds\/mds2-2669\/fig3b_c.zip",
"format": "zip file containing .dat files with single columns of values",
"description": "X-axis is the RF Signal field detuning in MHz, linearly spaced from -800 to +800 MHz, for the number of data points in both the trace (b) and beatsig (c) files. Y-axis is the Rabi frequency in MHz of the tuning field determined by the signal generator power in the filename, converted to Rabi frequency using figure 1(e).The colorscale is the values in each trace and beatsig file. Experimental EIT (b) and mixer (c) plots of power tuning. Here, the signal field is set to the resonant 56D-54F transition and the tuning field is applied to the 54F-57D transition with increasing strength, inducing the observed AT-splitting in the 54F state. The data in panels b and c is obtained by sweeping the signal RF output frequency, set to sweep from -800 to +800 MHz detuning from the 56D-54F transition (centered at 18.3 GHz). The trigger signal is needed here to align and window the traces for proper alignment. The x-axis of the raw traces is in ?pixels? that are linearly distributed in frequency space. This axis needs to be set\/generated for the false color plots using the trigger traces (one per set of measurements is sufficient). The trigger traces have a sawtooth characteristic, where each sawtooth represents one frequency sweep across the set range noted in the readme for each figure. The trigger traces are used to identify and crop the figure to this swept range. The x-axis vector is then generated by linearly interpolating between the beginning and end frequency.",
"mediaType": "application\/x-zip-compressed",
"title": "Figures 3 b and c"
},
{
"downloadURL": "https:\/\/data.nist.gov\/od\/ds\/mds2-2669\/fig1f.zip",
"format": "zip file containing .dat files with single columns of values",
"description": "X-axis in the coupling laser detuning in MHz, determined by the separation of the two peaks in the ref_cell data files, which is equal to 396 MHz. Y-axis is the electric field determined by the separation of the two peaks in each trace data file, in V\/m.The color scale is the values in trace data files, averaged across the columns, normalized to the maximum value of the whole data set.Plot of the AT splitting of the 56D EIT peak with an RF field applied to the 56D-54F signal\/LO transition at 18.3 GHz. The x-axis of the raw traces is in ?pixels? that are linearly distributed in frequency space. This axis needs to be set\/generated for the false color plots using the ref_cell traces (one per set of measurements is sufficient). These ref_cell traces show two distinct spectral peaks: one large one and smaller one to the left. The large one is the main EIT peak of interest and the smaller left one is the fine structure peak located at -396 MHz (when coupled to 56D). Finding the difference between these peaks in the number of oscilloscope ?pixels? can then be used to convert between pixels and frequency to generate the x-axis.",
"mediaType": "application\/x-zip-compressed",
"title": "Figure 1 f"
},
{
"downloadURL": "https:\/\/data.nist.gov\/od\/ds\/mds2-2669\/fig1g.zip",
"format": "zip file containing .dat files with single columns of values",
"description": "Y-axis is the electric field determined by the separation of the two peaks in each trace data file, in V\/m. X-axis in the coupling laser detuning in MHz, determined by the separation of the two peaks in the ref_cell data files, which is equal to 374 MHz. The color scale is the values in trace data files, averaged across the columns, normalized to the maximum value of the whole data set. Plot of the coupling frequency set to the 57D state and a constant RF field of strength omega\/2? = 180 MHz applied to the 57D-54F transition (f = 23.4 GHz), we see the emergence of a two-RF photon Raman peak at Delta_c = 0. Each trace is the voltage on the oscilloscope with the RF power indicated in the filename. The Electric field is determined by the power using The x-axis of the raw traces is in ?pixels? that are linearly distributed in frequency space. This axis needs to be set\/generated for the false color plots using the ref_cell traces (one per set of measurements is sufficient). These ref_cell traces show two distinct spectral peaks: one large one and smaller one to the left. The large one is the main EIT peak of interest and the smaller left one is the fine structure peak located at -374 MHz (when coupled to 57D). Finding the difference between these peaks in the number of oscilloscope ?pixels? can then be used to convert between pixels and frequency to generate the x-axis.",
"mediaType": "application\/x-zip-compressed",
"title": "Figure 1 g"
},
{
"downloadURL": "https:\/\/data.nist.gov\/od\/ds\/mds2-2669\/figure6.zip",
"format": "a zip file containing .dat files with 5 columns",
"description": "X-axis the Sensitivity in V\/m per root Hz as determined from the signal generator power in the filenames in dBm.Y-axis is the Signal amplitude given by the values in the data files, averaged down the columns, then the average and standard deviation was calculated from those averages. Comparison of the baseline sensitivity of on-resonance detection on the 56D-54F transition, the Raman EIT peak, and the AC stark shift at 21.5 GHz. These are a series of scope traces acquired at different signal field strengths (files named by dBm output power) acquired with a lock-in time constant of 1 second. The plots are generated by averaging over the traces acquired.",
"mediaType": "application\/x-zip-compressed",
"title": "Figure 6"
},
{
"downloadURL": "https:\/\/data.nist.gov\/od\/ds\/mds2-2669\/2669_README%20%284%29.txt",
"format": ".txt",
"description": "Readme file for data",
"mediaType": "text\/plain",
"title": "README"
}
],
"license": "https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/open\/license",
"bureauCode": [
"006:55"
],
"modified": "2022-06-09 00:00:00",
"publisher": {
"@type": "org:Organization",
"name": "National Institute of Standards and Technology"
},
"accrualPeriodicity": "irregular",
"theme": [
"Electronics:Electromagnetics",
"Physics:Atomic, molecular, and quantum"
],
"issued": "2022-08-29",
"keyword": [
"Rydberg atoms",
"atomic physics",
"receivers",
"fields strength",
"electric field",
"volts\/meter"
]
}
