Nearshore fisheries in the Main Hawaiian Islands encompass a diverse group of fishers using a wide array of gears and targeting many different species. Communities in Hawaii often rely on these fisheries for economic, social, and cultural services. However, the stress from overfishing can cause ecosystem degradation and long-term economic loss. This layer represents the average annual catch of reef fish by non-commercial boat-based spear fishing methods.

Nearshore fisheries in the Main Hawaiian Islands encompass a diverse group of fishers using a wide array of gears and targeting many different species. Communities in Hawaii often rely on these fisheries for economic, social, and cultural services. However, the stress from overfishing can cause ecosystem degradation and long-term economic loss. This layer represents the average annual catch of reef fish by non-commercial shore-based fishing methods.

Nearshore fisheries in the Main Hawaiian Islands encompass a diverse group of fishers using a wide array of gears and targeting many different species. Communities in Hawaii often rely on these fisheries for economic, social, and cultural services. However, the stress from overfishing can cause ecosystem degradation and long-term economic loss. This layer represents the average annual catch of reef fish by non-commercial shore-based line fishing methods.

Nearshore fisheries in the Main Hawaiian Islands encompass a diverse group of fishers using a wide array of gears and targeting many different species. Communities in Hawaii often rely on these fisheries for economic, social, and cultural services. However, the stress from overfishing can cause ecosystem degradation and long-term economic loss. This layer represents the average annual catch of reef fish by non-commercial shore-based net fishing methods.

Nearshore fisheries in the Main Hawaiian Islands encompass a diverse group of fishers using a wide array of gears and targeting many different species. Communities in Hawaii often rely on these fisheries for economic, social, and cultural services. However, the stress from overfishing can cause ecosystem degradation and long-term economic loss. This layer represents the average annual catch of reef fish by non-commercial shore-based spear fishing methods.

Due to the geographic isolation of the Hawaiian Islands, close to 25% of Hawaii's reef fishes and red algae species are endemic. This leaves Hawaiian coral reefs particularly vulnerable to alien invasions due to their valuable role as a biodiversity resource. Invasive algae can pose a serious threat to coral reefs by spreading and growing rapidly, smothering or outcompeting corals and other organisms. This can significantly alter the structure and function of the reef ecosystem.

This raster data layer represents the presence of alien and invasive reef fish species within 2 km of an observation, including roi or bluespotted grouper (Cephalopholis argus), ta'ape or bluestripe snapper (Lutjanus kasmira), and to'au or blacktail snapper (Lutjanus fulvus).

This layer represents a proxy for sediment input to the nearshore marine environment from recent construction sites. Data are derived from the NOAA Coastal Change Analysis Program (C-CAP) High Resolution Change dataset from 2005 to 2010, except for Oahu and Lanai where data are for 2005 to 2011 (http://coast.noaa.gov/ccapftp/).

This raster data layer represents sediment plumes originating from stream mouths and coastal pour points. The Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model for sediment retention was modified for Hawaii, parameterized, and run for each of the Main Hawaiian Islands to determine sediment export from subwatershed hydrologic units (Falinski, 2016). Results from this model were aggregated into larger drainage areas that flow to single coastal pour points.

This layer represents the total effluent coming from onsite sewage disposal systems (OSDS) (e.g., cesspools and septic tanks). OSDS point data were obtained from the University of Hawaii at Manoa (UH) (Aly El-Kadi) and the State of Hawaii Department of Health (DOH) (Bob Whittier) that estimates effluent flux from each property, or Tax Map Key (TMK) parcel, with OSDS. The Ocean Tipping Points (OTP) project converted the points to raster by summing nutrient flux values within 500-m pixels.