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Materials discovery and development necessarily begins with the preparation and identification of product phase(s). Crystalline compounds can be identified by their characteristic diffraction patterns using X-rays, neutrons, and or electrons. An estimated 20,000 X-ray diffractometers and a comparable number of electron microscopes are used daily in materials research and development laboratories for this purpose.

This Standard Reference Material (SRM) is intended for use as a primary calibration standard for the quantitative determination of barium. A unit of SRM 3104a consists of five 10 mL sealed borosilicate glass ampoules of an acidified aqueous solution prepared gravimetrically to contain a known mass fraction of barium. The solution contains nitric acid at a volume fraction of approximately 1 %, which is equivalent to a concentration (molarity) of approximately 0.16 mol/L. This data is public in the Certificate of Analysis for this material.

This Standard Reference Material (SRM) is intended for use as a primary calibration standard for the quantitative determination of cerium. A unit of SRM 3110 consists of five 10 mL sealed borosilicate glass ampoules of an acidified aqueous solution prepared gravimetrically to contain a known mass fraction of cerium. The solution contains nitric acid at a mass fraction of approximately 16 %. This data is public in the Certificate of Analysis for this material.

This Standard Reference Material (SRM) is intended for use as a primary calibration standard for the quantitative determination of germanium. A unit of SRM 3120a consists of 50 mL of a single element solution in a high density polyethylene bottle sealed in an aluminized bag. The solution was prepared gravimetrically to contain a known mass fraction of germanium. The solution contains nitric acid at a concentration of approximately 1.6 mol/L and hydrofluoric acid at a concentration of approximately 0.6 mol/L. This data is public in the Certificate of Analysis for this material.

This Standard Reference Material (SRM) is intended for use as a primary calibration standard for the quantitative determination of hafnium. A unit of SRM 3122 consists of 50 mL of an acidified aqueous solution prepared gravimetrically to contain a known mass fraction of hafnium in a high density polyethylene bottle sealed in an aluminized bag. The solution contains approximately 8 % nitric acid (volume fraction) and approximately 1 % hydrofluoric acid (volume fraction), equivalent to amount of substance concentrations (molarities) of 1.3 mol/L and 0.3 mol/L, respectively.